PLASTIC POLLUTION: A GROWING THREAT TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Abstract

Plastic pollution has become a major environmental challenge globally, posing significant threats to human health, wildlife, aquatic ecosystems, and the general environment. The widespread use of plastic products, particularly single-use plastics, coupled with inadequate waste management systems and poor enforcement of environmental laws, has contributed to the increasing accumulation of plastic waste in Nigeria. This study examines the legal response to plastic pollution in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the adequacy of existing environmental legislation, the effectiveness of sanctions for violations, and the enforcement mechanisms established to control plastic waste. The study adopts the doctrinal research methodology, relying on primary sources, including relevant legislation, and secondary sources such as textbooks, journal articles, and other scholarly materials. It examines key Nigerian environmental laws, including the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act 2007, the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act, and the Water Resources Act, alongside relevant state environmental laws. The study also undertakes a comparative analysis of plastic pollution control measures in Egypt, Kenya, Canada, and France to identify lessons applicable to Nigeria. The findings reveal that although Nigeria has an existing legal framework capable of addressing aspects of plastic pollution, the absence of a comprehensive and specific legal regime for plastic waste management, inadequate waste collection and recycling infrastructure, low public awareness, and weak enforcement mechanisms undermine the effectiveness of these laws. The comparative analysis demonstrates the importance of clear regulatory measures, effective enforcement, public participation, and the promotion of sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics. The study recommends strengthening existing environmental legislation, introducing more specific provisions for plastic pollution control, reviewing applicable sanctions, expanding recycling infrastructure, promoting biodegradable alternatives, and encouraging community participation through the polluter-pays principle. It concludes that an effective legal response, supported by institutional commitment and public cooperation, is essential for reducing plastic pollution and achieving sustainable environmental protection in Nigeria.